{"id":46072,"date":"2021-02-25T13:02:51","date_gmt":"2021-02-25T12:02:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.praha7.cz\/?p=46072"},"modified":"2021-03-17T13:35:57","modified_gmt":"2021-03-17T12:35:57","slug":"pocatky-ockovani-v-praze","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.praha7.cz\/pocatky-ockovani-v-praze\/","title":{"rendered":"Po\u010d\u00e1tky o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed v Praze"},"content":{"rendered":"

[perex]<\/p>\r\n

M\u00e1loco h\u00fdbe sou\u010dasnou \u010deskou, ale i\u00a0sv\u011btovou ve\u0159ejnost\u00ed tolik jako prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed proti\u00a0nemoci COVID-19, kter\u00e1 u\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e rok negativn\u011b\u00a0ovliv\u0148uje na\u0161e \u017eivoty. O\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed jako zp\u016fsob, kter\u00fdm lze p\u0159edch\u00e1zet chorob\u00e1m, je metoda p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b pom\u011brn\u011b star\u00e1, prvn\u00ed vakcinace v\u00a0\u010cech\u00e1ch i\u00a0v\u00a0Praze prob\u00edhaly u\u017e kolem roku 1800\u00a0a\u00a0prov\u00e1zely je podobn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my jako dnes.<\/p>\r\n

[\/perex]<\/p>\r\n

O\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo ve \u0161koln\u00ed t\u0159\u00edd\u011b v roce 1909<\/em><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

B\u011bhem 19. stolet\u00ed bojovali na\u0161i p\u0159edci s\u00a0prav\u00fdmi ne\u0161tovicemi. Tato nemoc byla doslova postrachem, zejm\u00e9na pro rodi\u010de mal\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed. Inkuba\u010dn\u00ed doba choroby se pohybovala mezi 10 a\u00a014 dny, pot\u00e9 nastoupila hore\u010dka (a\u017e 40 \u00b0C) a\u00a0mal\u00e1tnost, tedy p\u0159\u00edznaky podobn\u00e9 ch\u0159ipce. Tento stav prov\u00e1zely bolesti v\u00a0k\u0159\u00ed\u017ei, pot\u00ed\u017ee s\u00a0polyk\u00e1n\u00edm a\u00a0eventu\u00e1ln\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed obt\u00ed\u017ee. Po p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b t\u0159ech dnech hore\u010dka pozvolna kles\u00e1 a\u00a0na t\u011ble i\u00a0sliznic\u00edch nemocn\u00e9ho se objevuj\u00ed stovky pup\u00ednk\u016f. Na \u0161pi\u010dce ka\u017ed\u00e9ho pup\u00ednku se tvo\u0159\u00ed puch\u00fd\u0159, jeho\u017e obsah po \u010dase hnis\u00e1. N\u011bkolik dn\u00ed po objeven\u00ed pup\u00ednk\u016f p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed op\u011bt hore\u010dka a\u00a0pro \u010d\u00e1st nemocn\u00fdch tak\u00e9 smrt. Smrtnost nemoci se pohybovala mezi 10 a\u00a020 %, s\u00a0nar\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00edm v\u011bkem nemocn\u00e9ho jej\u00ed nebezpe\u010dnost klesala. Ne\u0161tovice tak\u00e9 byly vysoce naka\u017eliv\u00e9, tak\u017ee se nemoc jen z\u0159\u00eddka vyskytla izolovan\u011b. Pr\u00e1v\u011b na p\u0159elomu 18. a\u00a019. stolet\u00ed prob\u011bhla v\u00a0\u010cech\u00e1ch velk\u00e1 epidemie ne\u0161tovic\u00a0\u2013 za ob\u011b\u0165 j\u00ed padlo 34 664 osob.<\/p>\r\n

Nad\u011bje z\u00a0Anglie<\/strong>
\r\nV\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b se u\u017e ale z\u00a0Anglie d\u00e1le do Evropy \u0161\u00ed\u0159il \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd prost\u0159edek v\u00a0boji proti nemoci. Anglick\u00fd biolog Edward Jenner ji\u017e v\u00a0roce 1796 \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b\u00a0testoval vakc\u00ednu, kterou s\u00e1m vyvinul. Av\u0161ak Jenner nebyl pion\u00fdrem o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u00a0Anglii se o\u010dkovalo u\u017e od dvac\u00e1t\u00fdch let 18. stolet\u00ed. Tuto prvn\u00ed metodu, tzv. variolizaci, je\u017e spo\u010d\u00edvala v\u00a0pod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed su\u0161en\u00e9ho hnisu z\u00a0puch\u00fd\u0159\u016f prav\u00fdch ne\u0161tovic, p\u0159inesla do Anglie aristokratka Mary Wortley Montegu z\u00a0Turecka. Nemoc sice u\u00a0o\u010dkovan\u00e9ho propukla, ale ve slab\u0161\u00ed form\u011b. I\u00a0tak ale n\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00a0o\u010dkovan\u00fdch nemoc zahubila. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u0161ak takto posti\u017een\u00ed mohli nakazit celou \u0159adu lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed nemohli tento l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fd proces podstoupit. Jenner si naproti tomu v\u0161iml, \u017ee lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed \u010dasto p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed do styku s\u00a0dobytkem, n\u011bkdy onemocn\u00ed tzv. kravsk\u00fdmi ne\u0161tovicemi. Lidsk\u00e1 a\u00a0velmi nebezpe\u010dn\u00e1 varianta se jim ale pot\u00e9 vyh\u00fdb\u00e1. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, prod\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed kravsk\u00fdch ne\u0161tovic zaru\u010d\u00ed imunitu i\u00a0proti \u201elidsk\u00e9\u201c variant\u011b nemoci. Jenner tedy vyvinul l\u00e1tku z\u00a0hnisu kravsk\u00fdch ne\u0161tovic, kterou se pot\u00e9 o\u010dkovalo.<\/p>\r\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/p>\r\n

Objevitel modern\u00edho zp\u016fsobu o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed, anglick\u00fd l\u00e9ka\u0159 Edward Jenner (1749\u20131823)<\/em><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

V\u00a0\u010cech\u00e1ch se \u201eorient\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c metodou o\u010dkovalo u\u017e v\u00a0devades\u00e1t\u00fdch letech 18. stolet\u00ed,\u00a0v\u00a0Praze ji propagoval a\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edval zde usedl\u00fd anglick\u00fd l\u00e9ka\u0159 dr. Smith. Ten tak\u00e9 p\u016fsobil v\u00a0Tedra\u017eic\u00edch v\u00a0jihoz\u00e1padn\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch, kde hrab\u011b Franti\u0161ek Xaver Taaffe z\u0159\u00eddil v\u00a0roce 1795 \u201eo\u010dkovac\u00ed \u00fastav\u201c. Modern\u00ed vakc\u00ednu, tedy \u201eJennerovu metodu\u201c, aplikoval v\u00a0Praze u\u017e\u00a0v\u00a0roce 1800 MUDr. Bauer. O\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed si pomalu razilo cestu\u00a0\u2013 muselo se ov\u0161em vypo\u0159\u00e1dat s\u00a0\u010detn\u00fdmi obt\u00ed\u017eemi\u00a0\u2013 chyb\u011blo jeho centr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a\u00a0koordinace, nav\u00edc d\u016fv\u011bra mnoh\u00fdch rodi\u010d\u016f v\u00a0nov\u00fd preventivn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj byla velice slab\u00e1. Prvn\u00ed doporu\u010den\u00ed k\u00a0o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed vydala rakousk\u00e1 dvorn\u00ed kancel\u00e1\u0159 ji\u017e v\u00a0roce 1802, je\u0161t\u011b o\u00a0rok d\u0159\u00edve vy\u0161el prvn\u00ed populariza\u010dn\u00ed spis v\u00a0\u010de\u0161tin\u011b nazvan\u00fd V\u00a0\u010dem vlastn\u011b poz\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed kravsk\u00e9 ne\u0161tovice a\u00a0k\u00a0\u010demu jsou prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9. Dvorsk\u00fd dekret\u00a0z\u00a09.\u00a0\u010dervence\u00a01836 zd\u016fraznil nezpochybniteln\u00fd kladn\u00fd vliv o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed na roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed nemoci, resp. jej\u00edho pr\u016fb\u011bhu. Apeloval na u\u010ditele, kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0l\u00e9ka\u0159e, aby o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed propagovali mezi prost\u00fdm lidem. Po\u010dty naka\u017een\u00fdch se prakticky trvale sni\u017eovaly a\u00a0zd\u00e1lo se, \u017ee nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 nemoci odzvonilo. S\u00a0t\u00edm souvisel i\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u00fd pokles z\u00e1jmu o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed. O\u00a0to p\u0159ekvapiv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0bohu\u017eel tragi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1sledky m\u011bla epidemie, kter\u00e1 v\u00a0letech 1872 a\u00a01873 zas\u00e1hla nejprve Prahu a\u00a0pak prakticky cel\u00e9 \u010cechy. Nemoc p\u0159i\u0161la ze dvou sm\u011br\u016f\u00a0\u2013\u00a0z\u00a0bavorsk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edhrani\u010dn\u00edch okres\u016f a\u00a0ze Saska. V\u00a0dubnu 1873 referuj\u00ed N\u00e1rodn\u00ed listy o\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu epidemie. B\u011bhem prvn\u00edch dvou t\u00fddn\u016f m\u011bs\u00edce b\u0159ezna tohoto roku zem\u0159ely v\u00a0cel\u00e9 zemi t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u010dty\u0159i stovky naka\u017een\u00fdch. Z\u00a0o\u010dkovan\u00fdch nemocn\u00fdch zem\u0159elo 7 % pacient\u016f, z\u00a0neo\u010dkovan\u00fdch pak v\u00edce ne\u017e t\u0159etina. Dle dobov\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f si tehdy nemoc vy\u017e\u00e1dala v\u00a0zemi p\u0159es 15 000 ob\u011bt\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00a0Praze pak t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 1700. Men\u0161\u00ed epidemie se pak v\u00a0Praze opakovaly a\u017e do konce osmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch let 19. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\r\n

Pro injekci do hospody<\/strong>
\r\nV\u00a0Praze a\u00a0jej\u00edch p\u0159edm\u011bst\u00edch se ne\u0161tovice a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed naka\u017eliv\u00e9 nemoci nejv\u00edce \u0161\u00ed\u0159ily v\u00a0m\u00edstech, kde byla siln\u00e1 hustota zalidn\u011bn\u00ed, tedy nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00a0Josefov\u011b nebo v\u00a0d\u011blnick\u00fdch koloni\u00edch v\u00a0Hole\u0161ovic\u00edch-Bubnech. Pra\u017esk\u00fd magistr\u00e1t a\u00a0jemu pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 org\u00e1ny v\u011bnovaly v\u00a0druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pozornost zdravotn\u00edmu stavu ob\u010dan\u016f hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta. Zejm\u00e9na snaha\u00a0o\u00a0zlep\u0161en\u00ed hygienick\u00fdch podm\u00ednek pro obyvatele byla v\u00edce ne\u017e patrn\u00e1. D\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed tohoto \u00fasil\u00ed bylo i\u00a0zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed proti ne\u0161tovic\u00edm a\u00a0pr\u00e1v\u011b epidemie na po\u010d\u00e1tku 70. let byla z\u00e1sadn\u00edm impulsem pro renesanci t\u00e9to metody. V\u00a0roce 1885 tedy nab\u00edz\u00ed Praha prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm okresn\u00edch l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed. V\u00a0Praze 7 jej prov\u00e1d\u011bl zdej\u0161\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159 MUDr. Dvo\u0159\u00e1k ve sv\u00e9 ordinaci v\u00a0tehdej\u0161\u00ed H\u00e1lkov\u011b t\u0159\u00edd\u011b (dnes U\u00a0V\u00fdstavi\u0161t\u011b) \u010d. 229. V\u00a0dubnu 1891 projedn\u00e1vala problematiku o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0Praze m\u011bstsk\u00e1 zdravotn\u00ed komise (poradn\u00ed org\u00e1n Rady m\u011bsta). Tehdej\u0161\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00fd fyzik (l\u00e9ka\u0159) a\u00a0legenda p\u00e9\u010de\u00a0o\u00a0ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed MUDr. Jind\u0159ich Z\u00e1ho\u0159 p\u0159edstavil nov\u00fd syst\u00e9m o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161koln\u00edch d\u011bt\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b se nem\u011blo odehr\u00e1vat v\u00a0ordinac\u00edch l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f, proto\u017ee na o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201edoch\u00e1zej\u00ed tak\u00e9 d\u00edtky naka\u017eliv\u00fdmi nemocemi sti\u017een\u00e9\u201c, a\u00a0hroz\u00ed tak n\u00e1kaza u\u00a0ostatn\u00edch \u010dekaj\u00edc\u00edch pacient\u016f. Dr. Z\u00e1ho\u0159 doporu\u010doval, aby m\u011bstsk\u00e1 rada z\u0159\u00eddila, resp. vy\u010dlenila prostory v\u00a0obecn\u00edch \u0161kol\u00e1ch, kde se bude o\u010dkovat. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 Z\u00e1ho\u0159 vyzdvihl \u010dinnost okresn\u00edho l\u00e9ka\u0159e z\u00a0Hole\u0161ovic MUDr. Jana F\u00e4hnricha, kter\u00fd prov\u00e1d\u011bl o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0jin\u00e9 ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 m\u00edstnosti\u00a0\u2013 v\u00a0hostinci! Jednalo se\u00a0o\u00a0tehdy obl\u00edben\u00fd lok\u00e1l Na Kov\u00e1rn\u011b v\u00a0Palack\u00e9ho ulici \u010d. 218\/5 (dnes Partyz\u00e1nsk\u00e1). D\u00edky tomu se dle m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho fyzika da\u0159ilo zv\u00fd\u0161it po\u010det nao\u010dkovan\u00fdch. Z\u00e1ho\u0159 tak\u00e9 navrhl, aby Praha vyr\u00e1b\u011bla vakc\u00ednu ve sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed re\u017eii. P\u0159ed prvn\u00ed sv\u011btovou v\u00e1lkou se v\u00a0Praze 7 o\u010dkovalo u\u017e zase \u201eklasicky\u201c ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch\u00a0\u2013 v\u00a0Jablonsk\u00e9ho ulici (dnes zde s\u00eddl\u00ed obchodn\u00ed akademie a\u00a0od\u011bvn\u00ed pr\u016fmyslovka) a\u00a0U\u00a0Stud\u00e1nky (dnes FZ\u0160 Um\u011bleck\u00e1) a\u00a0v\u00a0chlapeck\u00e9 opatrovn\u011b\u00a0v\u00a0Letohradsk\u00e9 ulici (dnes stejnojmenn\u00e1 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161kola).<\/p>\r\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/p>\r\n

M\u011bstsk\u00fd fyzik (l\u00e9ka\u0159) a hygienik MUDr. Jind\u0159ich Z\u00e1ho\u0159 (1845\u20131927). Do jeho agendy pat\u0159ilo i organizov\u00e1n\u00ed o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed pra\u017esk\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed<\/em><\/p>\r\n

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Stejn\u011b jako dnes, i\u00a0v\u00a019. stolet\u00ed m\u011blo o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9 syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 odp\u016frce. V\u00a0\u010dele t\u00e9to kritiky (z\u00a0odborn\u00fdch pozic) st\u00e1l internista MUDr. Josef Hamern\u00edk (1810\u20131887), kter\u00fd tvrdil, \u017ee o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed v\u00edce probl\u00e9m\u016f ne\u017e u\u017eitku. V\u00a0dob\u011b prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed epidemie, v\u00a0roce 1872, pouk\u00e1zal na p\u0159\u00edpad, kdy \u00fadajn\u011b na M\u011blnicku n\u011bkolik des\u00edtek d\u011bt\u00ed onemocn\u011blo po o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjic\u00ed (syfilidou). Pot\u00e9 se na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch tisku rozho\u0159ela plamenn\u00e1 diskuze v\u00a0\u010dele Hamern\u00edkov\u00fdch odp\u016frc\u016f st\u00e1l MUDr. Vil\u00e9m Petters, zast\u00e1nce o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0autor bro\u017eury popisuj\u00edc\u00ed zmi\u0148ovanou epidemii ne\u0161tovic v\u00a0Praze v\u00a0letech 1872\u20131873. Tradi\u010dn\u011b nejskepti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed byli k\u00a0o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edhrani\u010dn\u00edch okres\u016f v\u00a0severn\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch s\u00a0p\u0159evahou n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho obyvatelstva. Jejich nechu\u0165 lze z\u0159ejm\u011b p\u0159i\u010d\u00edst siln\u00e9mu vlivu z\u00a0N\u011bmecka, kde bylo hnut\u00ed odm\u00edtaj\u00edc\u00ed vakcinaci velice siln\u00e9. Toto antivakcina\u010dn\u00ed hnut\u00ed ale nebylo jen st\u0159edoevropsk\u00fdm specifikem, \u010desk\u00e9 den\u00edky informovaly v\u00a0b\u0159eznu 1885, \u017ee v\u00a0anglick\u00e9m Leicestru protestovalo proti (povinn\u00e9mu) o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed na 20 000 lid\u00ed. Argumenty \u201eodm\u00edta\u010d\u016f\u201c byly r\u016fzn\u00e9, kupodivu dnes dominuj\u00edc\u00ed vedlej\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky vakcinace se p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nevyskytovaly. Pom\u011brn\u011b \u010dasto zazn\u00edval argument o\u00a0vysok\u00e9 cen\u011b za cel\u00fd proces. V\u00a0roce 1871 p\u0159itom nao\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 150 tis\u00edc d\u011bt\u00ed st\u00e1lo cca 37 tis\u00edc zlat\u00fdch, co\u017e odpov\u00eddalo zhruba cen\u011b dvou men\u0161\u00edch dom\u016f.<\/p>\r\n

V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti se velmi \u010dasto diskutuje, zda\u00a0zav\u00e9st povinn\u00e9 o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed proti nemoci COVID-19. Nejinak tomu bylo i\u00a0v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ne\u0161tovic. V\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu 19. stolet\u00ed se objevilo n\u011bkolik pokus\u016f vakcinaci d\u011bt\u00ed uz\u00e1konit, vyz\u00fdvala k\u00a0tomu opakovan\u011b i\u00a0pra\u017esk\u00e1 zdravotn\u00ed komise. Vzorem pro zdej\u0161\u00ed zast\u00e1nce tohoto opat\u0159en\u00ed byly dal\u0161\u00ed evropsk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty\u00a0\u2013 v\u00a0Bavorsku bylo o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed povinn\u00e9 ji\u017e od roku 1807, ve \u0160v\u00e9dsku od roku 1810, v\u00a0Anglii od roku 1864, n\u011bmeck\u00fd z\u00e1kon p\u0159ijat\u00fd v\u00a0roce 1874 dokonce na\u0159izoval\u00a0i\u00a0revakcinaci. V\u00a0\u010cech\u00e1ch se povinnost o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed zavedla a\u017e po vzniku Republiky \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9, a\u00a0to z\u00e1konem \u010d. 412 z\u00a0roku 1919. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b u\u017e rakousk\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady sv\u00e9 ob\u010dany k\u00a0o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed motivovaly\u00a0\u2013 vy\u017eadovaly jej nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed do ur\u010dit\u00e9ho typu (vojensk\u00fdch) \u0161kol nebo p\u0159i ud\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed stipendi\u00ed. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je t\u0159eba p\u0159ipomenout, \u017ee dal\u0161\u00ed pob\u00eddkou pro o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed byl fakt, \u017ee bylo pro v\u0161echny zdarma.<\/p>\r\n

V\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu 19. stolet\u00ed se o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed neslo p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve znamen\u00ed jedin\u00e9 nemoci, proti kter\u00e9 m\u011blo chr\u00e1nit\u00a0\u2013 ne\u0161tovic\u00edm. Je trochu paradoxem, \u017ee pr\u016fkopn\u00edky \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho vyu\u017eit\u00ed o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed byla vlastn\u011b dom\u00e1c\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ata\u00a0\u2013 u\u017e v\u00a0devades\u00e1t\u00fdch letech 19. stolet\u00ed se jim b\u011b\u017en\u011b pod\u00e1vala s\u00e9ra proti sn\u011bti slezinn\u00e9 nebo \u010dervence. Od roku 1885 byla tak\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00e1 o\u010dkovac\u00ed l\u00e1tka proti tehdy roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 vzteklin\u011b. To ale neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee by \u00fasil\u00ed v\u011bdc\u016f a\u00a0l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f nesm\u011b\u0159ovalo k\u00a0nalezen\u00ed vakc\u00edn na dal\u0161\u00ed nebezpe\u010dn\u00e1 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. Velk\u00fdm \u00fasp\u011bchem bylo nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00a0roce 1927 objeven\u00ed prost\u0159edku \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9ho proti z\u00e1ke\u0159n\u00e9mu z\u00e1\u0161krtu (difterii)\u00a0\u2013 nemoci, kter\u00e1 dok\u00e1zala zab\u00edt a\u017e t\u0159etinu infikovan\u00fdch (zejm\u00e9na d\u011bt\u00ed).<\/p>\r\n

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Tv\u00e1\u0159 d\u00edt\u011bte zohaven\u00e1 ne\u0161tovicemi<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"[perex] M\u00e1loco h\u00fdbe sou\u010dasnou \u010deskou, ale i\u00a0sv\u011btovou ve\u0159ejnost\u00ed tolik jako prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed proti\u00a0nemoci COVID-19, kter\u00e1 u\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e rok negativn\u011b\u00a0ovliv\u0148uje na\u0161e \u017eivoty. O\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed jako zp\u016fsob, kter\u00fdm lze p\u0159edch\u00e1zet chorob\u00e1m, je metoda p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b pom\u011brn\u011b star\u00e1, prvn\u00ed vakcinace v\u00a0\u010cech\u00e1ch i\u00a0v\u00a0Praze prob\u00edhaly u\u017e kolem roku 1800\u00a0a\u00a0prov\u00e1zely je podobn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my jako dnes. [\/perex] O\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo ve \u0161koln\u00ed t\u0159\u00edd\u011b […]","protected":false},"author":76,"featured_media":46074,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[37],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.praha7.cz\/api\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46072"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.praha7.cz\/api\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.praha7.cz\/api\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.praha7.cz\/api\/wp\/v2\/users\/76"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.praha7.cz\/api\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=46072"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.praha7.cz\/api\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46072\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":46587,"href":"https:\/\/www.praha7.cz\/api\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46072\/revisions\/46587"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.praha7.cz\/api\/wp\/v2\/media\/46074"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.praha7.cz\/api\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=46072"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.praha7.cz\/api\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=46072"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.praha7.cz\/api\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=46072"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}